Sam Bachman

Tunnel Score (0-100): Measures how similar a pitcher's pitches look coming out of the hand before they diverge. Higher scores indicate better deception—the ball looks the same to the batter regardless of pitch type until it's too late.

Separation Score (0-100): Measures how much the pitches diverge at the plate based on horizontal and vertical movement. Higher separation means more contrast between pitch types, making the arsenal harder to square up.

Count Leverage Index (CLI): Measures performance in high-leverage counts vs league average. Positive values indicate outperforming (dominant in crucial counts like 0-2, 1-2), while negative values indicate underperforming.

2-Strike CLI: Specifically measures effectiveness with two strikes. Elite closers and strikeout pitchers tend to have high 2-strike CLI values.

Entropy (0-100%): Measures pitch sequencing unpredictability using Shannon entropy. Higher entropy means the pitcher is harder to predict—they don't follow patterns. Note: too high may indicate lack of go-to pitches.